# Chapter 1. Probability

## Introduction

Statistical Applets

Set the probability of heads (between 0 and 1.0) and the number of tosses, then click "Toss". The outcomes of each toss will be reflected on the graph. Check the box to show a line with the true probability on the graph. Click "Reset" at any time to reset the graph.

Click the "Quiz Me" button to complete the activity.

When you toss a coin, there are only two possible outcomes, heads or tails. On any one toss, you will observe one outcome or another—heads or tails. Over a large number of tosses, though, the percentage of heads and tails will come to approximate the true probability of each outcome.

In this applet, you can set the true probability of heads for your virtual coin, then toss it any number of times. Notice how the proportion of tosses that produce heads can be quite variable at first, but will eventually settle down to the true probability.

eval rand(.2,.8,1)
eval round(1-$ph, 1) eval round($ph*10,0)
eval round($ph*50,0) eval round($ph*500,0)

Great.

### Question 1.3

If the true probability of heads is \$ph, how many heads would you expect to observe after 50 tosses? B2FCg8YCcoDmLNQd

After 500 tosses? DELel3IDPr5OUqfr

2
Correct.
To calculate the predicted number of heads, multiply the probability of getting heads on any one toss by the total number of tosses. Try again.
Incorrect.

### Question 1.4

8S1R8+R8GAkoUXG1Twuhn4Tbft/0xdfjrzgjo/AiV1AhGdt4R5jYRHbpKdbzsqd5ERkbSsegTASvrS8IVxMg51xo/bQn5kVnu6KhrJWOsLul40bp7yJrOQzPrzcQYniMocl2Z0vjUYeKZD7NIYK6r8KHmGAIASSrjAr4pshNrM4jF175YmzZ73EovEj5x0nxJXc62r8bTaj40P7j9gpkMFaQyZ3SI+iC88tJkq8YoWbalw2SFzZmGZjkpTcGQZhfzQYX1A/QPQYuu/aNhoIFEEAvV6IQjc8tAOiJb6nDQu+kTvL50b07xpoudcbLs4FMlajyZf8IWJIy0buoMlztTPPRP0Z6/azAsrk9kvYZKX7TX1zXMUND34P7KNWhQl/Pt/CUbho3J7/ZO+LvAXSBtA==
In theory, the observed number of heads should match the predicted number of heads more closely the more tosses you perform. But random events are, well, random: you never know for sure what's going to happen. So don't be surprised to see long "runs" of heads or tails in your experiment that defy the results predicted by the true probabilities.